Types and the importance of symbioses in plants

Simbioza u užem smislu označava zajednicu dva organizma od koje oba imaju koristi. U biljaka je simbioza s mikroorganizmima u tlu izrazito značajna kao jedan od mehanizama koji im omogućava opstanak u uvjetima manjka vode i nekih mineralnih tvari. Dva su najbitnija tipa simbioze u biljaka, mikoriza i simbioza s dušik-fiksirajućim mikroorganizmima. Mikoriza je zajednica biljaka s gljivama u tlu koja im omogućava bolju opskrbu vodom i mineralnim tvarima, posebice fosforom. Gljive od biljke preuzimaju organske spojeve koje same nisu sposobne sintetizirati. Istu korist od biljaka imaju i dušik-fiksirajući mikroorganizmi, no njihova zadaća je preraditi atmosferski dušik u spojeve koje biljka može primiti. Mikroorganizmi, osim biljci s kojom su u simbiozi, posredno koriste i biljkama u okolici. Hife gljiva poboljšavaju sposobnost zadržavanja vode u tlu, a dušik-fiksirajuće bakterije obogaćuju tlo dušikovim spojevima koje mogu koristiti druge biljke. Važnost simbioza u biljaka je prepoznata i već su razvijene mnoge metode i postupci u kojima se simbiotski mikroorganizmi koriste za poboljšanje prirasta biljaka u poljoprivredi, cvjećarstvu, šumarstvu i sličnim djelatnostima. Razvitkom novih metoda uzgoja tih organizama i daljnjim istraživanjem pojedinog tipa simbioze može se znatno pridonijeti uzgoju biljnih vrsta koje koristi čovjek, ali i očuvanju biljnih populacija na područjima koja su inače nepovoljna za život određenih vrsta biljaka.Symbiosis is defined as an association between two organisms which is beneficial for both of them. Plant symbiosis with soil microorganisms is extremely important for plants as one of the mechanisms that enables them to survive under extreme conditions, such as low water and mineral content in the soil. There are two most important types of plant symbioses: mycorrhiza and symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Mycorrhiza is an association between plants and soil fungi which enables more efficient water and nutrient uptake for the plant. Fungi are supplied with organic compounds which they cannot synthesize themselves. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms also use organic compounds synthesized by plant, but their main task is conversion of molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere into compounds that can be used by plant. Symbiotic microorganisms can also be beneficial to other plants in the environment, not strictly for the ones with which they form symbiosis. Fungal hyphae improve soil capacity for retaining water and nitrogen-fixing bacteria enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds, making them available for the other plants. The importance of plant symbioses is well known and there are already many methods and procedures developed for the improvement of plant growth using microorganisms, for example in agriculture, floristry, wood industry etc. Further research of each type of symbiosis in order to improve methods of microorganism cultivation can significantly increase cultivation of many useful plant species, and the preservation of plant populations in areas that are otherwise unfavorable for certain plants species

Types and the importance of symbioses in plants

Simbioza u užem smislu označava zajednicu dva organizma od koje oba imaju koristi. U biljaka je simbioza s mikroorganizmima u tlu izrazito značajna kao jedan od mehanizama koji im omogućava opstanak u uvjetima manjka vode i nekih mineralnih tvari. Dva su najbitnija tipa simbioze u biljaka, mikoriza i simbioza s dušik-fiksirajućim mikroorganizmima. Mikoriza je zajednica biljaka s gljivama u tlu koja im omogućava bolju opskrbu vodom i mineralnim tvarima, posebice fosforom. Gljive od biljke preuzimaju organske spojeve koje same nisu sposobne sintetizirati. Istu korist od biljaka imaju i dušik-fiksirajući mikroorganizmi, no njihova zadaća je preraditi atmosferski dušik u spojeve koje biljka može primiti. Mikroorganizmi, osim biljci s kojom su u simbiozi, posredno koriste i biljkama u okolici. Hife gljiva poboljšavaju sposobnost zadržavanja vode u tlu, a dušik-fiksirajuće bakterije obogaćuju tlo dušikovim spojevima koje mogu koristiti druge biljke. Važnost simbioza u biljaka je prepoznata i već su razvijene mnoge metode i postupci u kojima se simbiotski mikroorganizmi koriste za poboljšanje prirasta biljaka u poljoprivredi, cvjećarstvu, šumarstvu i sličnim djelatnostima. Razvitkom novih metoda uzgoja tih organizama i daljnjim istraživanjem pojedinog tipa simbioze može se znatno pridonijeti uzgoju biljnih vrsta koje koristi čovjek, ali i očuvanju biljnih populacija na područjima koja su inače nepovoljna za život određenih vrsta biljaka.Symbiosis is defined as an association between two organisms which is beneficial for both of them. Plant symbiosis with soil microorganisms is extremely important for plants as one of the mechanisms that enables them to survive under extreme conditions, such as low water and mineral content in the soil. There are two most important types of plant symbioses: mycorrhiza and symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Mycorrhiza is an association between plants and soil fungi which enables more efficient water and nutrient uptake for the plant. Fungi are supplied with organic compounds which they cannot synthesize themselves. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms also use organic compounds synthesized by plant, but their main task is conversion of molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere into compounds that can be used by plant. Symbiotic microorganisms can also be beneficial to other plants in the environment, not strictly for the ones with which they form symbiosis. Fungal hyphae improve soil capacity for retaining water and nitrogen-fixing bacteria enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds, making them available for the other plants. The importance of plant symbioses is well known and there are already many methods and procedures developed for the improvement of plant growth using microorganisms, for example in agriculture, floristry, wood industry etc. Further research of each type of symbiosis in order to improve methods of microorganism cultivation can significantly increase cultivation of many useful plant species, and the preservation of plant populations in areas that are otherwise unfavorable for certain plants species

Types and the importance of symbioses in plants

Simbioza u užem smislu označava zajednicu dva organizma od koje oba imaju koristi. U biljaka je simbioza s mikroorganizmima u tlu izrazito značajna kao jedan od mehanizama koji im omogućava opstanak u uvjetima manjka vode i nekih mineralnih tvari. Dva su najbitnija tipa simbioze u biljaka, mikoriza i simbioza s dušik-fiksirajućim mikroorganizmima. Mikoriza je zajednica biljaka s gljivama u tlu koja im omogućava bolju opskrbu vodom i mineralnim tvarima, posebice fosforom. Gljive od biljke preuzimaju organske spojeve koje same nisu sposobne sintetizirati. Istu korist od biljaka imaju i dušik-fiksirajući mikroorganizmi, no njihova zadaća je preraditi atmosferski dušik u spojeve koje biljka može primiti. Mikroorganizmi, osim biljci s kojom su u simbiozi, posredno koriste i biljkama u okolici. Hife gljiva poboljšavaju sposobnost zadržavanja vode u tlu, a dušik-fiksirajuće bakterije obogaćuju tlo dušikovim spojevima koje mogu koristiti druge biljke. Važnost simbioza u biljaka je prepoznata i već su razvijene mnoge metode i postupci u kojima se simbiotski mikroorganizmi koriste za poboljšanje prirasta biljaka u poljoprivredi, cvjećarstvu, šumarstvu i sličnim djelatnostima. Razvitkom novih metoda uzgoja tih organizama i daljnjim istraživanjem pojedinog tipa simbioze može se znatno pridonijeti uzgoju biljnih vrsta koje koristi čovjek, ali i očuvanju biljnih populacija na područjima koja su inače nepovoljna za život određenih vrsta biljaka.Symbiosis is defined as an association between two organisms which is beneficial for both of them. Plant symbiosis with soil microorganisms is extremely important for plants as one of the mechanisms that enables them to survive under extreme conditions, such as low water and mineral content in the soil. There are two most important types of plant symbioses: mycorrhiza and symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Mycorrhiza is an association between plants and soil fungi which enables more efficient water and nutrient uptake for the plant. Fungi are supplied with organic compounds which they cannot synthesize themselves. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms also use organic compounds synthesized by plant, but their main task is conversion of molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere into compounds that can be used by plant. Symbiotic microorganisms can also be beneficial to other plants in the environment, not strictly for the ones with which they form symbiosis. Fungal hyphae improve soil capacity for retaining water and nitrogen-fixing bacteria enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds, making them available for the other plants. The importance of plant symbioses is well known and there are already many methods and procedures developed for the improvement of plant growth using microorganisms, for example in agriculture, floristry, wood industry etc. Further research of each type of symbiosis in order to improve methods of microorganism cultivation can significantly increase cultivation of many useful plant species, and the preservation of plant populations in areas that are otherwise unfavorable for certain plants species

The Expression of T Cell FOXP3 and T-Bet Is Upregulated in Severe but Not Euthyroid Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive thyroid failure. Th1 and Treg subset of CD4+ cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis; however, less is known about their respective roles across the spectrum of HT clinical presentations. To shed more light on CD4+ subsets role in HT, we investigated the mRNA expression levels of several Th1/Treg-associated transcription factors (T-bet/ETS1, HIF1α/BLIMP1/FOXP3) in peripheral blood T cells of 10 hypothyroid, untreated HT patients, 10 hypothyroid patients undergoing hormone replacement therapy, 12 euthyroid HT subjects, and 11 healthy controls by the qRT-PCR. Compared to euthyroid HT patients and controls, both hypothyroid (2.34-fold difference versus controls, P<0.01) and thyroxine-supplemented patients (2.5-fold, P<0.001) showed an increased FOXP3 mRNA expression in T cells. Similarly, mRNA expression levels of T-bet were upregulated in severely affected but not in euthyroid HT subjects (2.37-fold and 3.2-fold, hypothyroid and thyroxine-supplemented HT patients versus controls, resp., P<0.01). By contrast, no differences in mRNA expression levels of ETS1, BLIMP1, and HIF1α were observed across the study groups. In summary, severe but not euthyroid HT was associated with robust upregulation of T-bet and FOXP3 mRNA in peripheral T cells, independent of the thyroid hormone status but proportional to disease activity

Anisakis Sensitization in the Croatian fish processing workers: Behavioral instead of occupational risk factors?

We undertook the first study systematically evaluating the risk of Anisakis-sensitization in Croatian fish-processing workers and potential genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis. Anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence and risk factors for 600 employees of Croatian fish processing facilities and 466 blood donor controls, were assessed by indirect ELISA targeted with: recombinant Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 allergens, an Anisakis crude extract, the commercial ImmunoCAP kit, and questionnaires. Genetic susceptibility to anisakiasis was evaluated by genotypisation of human leukocytes alleles (HLA). Anti-Anisakis seropositive and a fraction of negative subjects were also assessed by ELISA and Western Blot (WB) for IgG seroprevalence to Trichinella spp. Overall, the observed anti-Anisakis seroprevalence inferred by indirect ELISA was significantly higher in fish processing workers (1.8%, 95% CI 0.9-3.3%) compared to the controls (0%, 0-0.8%). Seven out of 11 Ani s 1 and Ani s 7-positives and none of selected 65 negative sera, tested positive on whole-Anisakis extract (ImmunoCAP), whereas Anisakis crude extract ELISA detected 3.9% (2.4-6.0%) seropositives in fish processing workers, three (14%) of which showed IgE reactivity to milk proteins. The highest risk associated with Anisakis-sensitization among workers was fishing in the free time, rather than any of attributes related to the occupational exposure. Although no association was observed between anti-Anisakis seropositivity and wearing gloves or protective goggles, the majority of workers (92%) wore protective gloves, minimizing the risk for Anisakis sensitization via skin contact. Six HLA alleles within DRB1 gene were significantly associated with seropositivity under dominant, allelic or recessive models. All sera confirmed negative for anti-Trichinella spp. IgG. The study exhaustively covered almost all marine fish processing workers in Croatia, reflecting real-time Anisakis sensitization status within the industry, already under the influence of wide array of allergens